Permaculture is for everyone!

Imagine buying less compost, growing more food and flowers while lowering water use, all by setting up our gardens to mimic the way nature multitasks...

Permaculture offers exciting and common-sense ways to take environmental action in our own yards by working with nature. We can be part of the climate solution; one plant, compost pile or rain barrel at a time.

The idea of permaculture has been around since the dawn of time, but the term was coined in the 1970’s when two Australians joined the concepts of ‘permanent’ and ‘agriculture’. Since then, its evolved to include the central ideas of earth care, human care, and fair share, supported by a dozen principles.

Permaculture Defined: the harmonious integration of landscape and people, and a framework for creating self-sustaining agricultural ecosystems.

As you practice permaculture, you’ll start seeing your land and the things living on it as interconnected resources working together to sustain each other. You’ll notice how each plant, insect and rain drop serves multiple functions. In an undisturbed forest, this kind of system has slowly matured over hundreds of years. Today we can help recreate nature’s self-sustaining systems by designing with existing resources to benefit the whole.

Permaculture functions best as a whole system’s approach. To get us started, we’re highlighting a few practices while acknowledging that as we work on getting better techniques, plants, and soil in place – it is the relationships between these elements that make permaculture so powerful.

Stacking Functions

Stacking Functions is a central concept in Permaculture. Learning the plants functions will help us place the plant into our design.

Examples of multiple functions:

Raspberries: Growing berries, leaves for tea, attracting pollinators and conserve soil structure as a perennial.

Yarrow: Dynamic nutrient accumulator (phosphorus, potassium and copper), attracts beneficial insects, repels pests, breaks up compacted soil.

Clover: Nitrogen fixer, conserves soil, drought tolerant, attracts beneficial insects.

Permaculture suggests that garden designs flow from observing your yard and learning from it; where is your yard sunniest, driest, windiest, wettest? As we explain the following projects, consider how these would best fit into your space with your lifestyle and garden goals. 

Permaculture Ethics

Earth Care
People Care
Fair Share

Principles of Permaculture

1. Observe and Interact
2. Catch and Store Energy
3. Obtain a Yield
4. Apply Self-regulation and Accept Feedback
5. Use and Value Renewable Resources and Services
6. Produce No Waste
7. Design from Patterns and Details
8. Integrate rather than Segregate
9. Use Small and Slow Solutions
10. Use and Value Diversity
11. Use Edges and Value the Margins
12. Creatively Use and Respond to Change

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Compost Options

As author Toby Hemenway says, “start with the soil” in his book, Gaia’s Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture. [MB1] Composting is one of the best ways to continually build and replenish soil. It’s also one of the only ways to replenish trace elements like magnesium and copper, etc. (which plant roots pull from the soil) back into the soil. But did you know there are many ways to compost?

You can set up traditional compost piles in your yard. You could vermicompost, which uses worms to within a closed bin, to keep composting indoors during winter in northern climates. There are also self-contained units that make composting an option for those without much outdoor space.

As we learn more about the soil food web, more people are starting No Dig gardening. This style of gardening minimizes soil disturbance and composts in place. This can look like ‘chop + drop’, where you cut down non-diseased plant material and let it first act as mulch and then slowly decompose in the garden where it grew.

Or try Hügelkultur gardening, which uses organic materials found on your property to build soil health. Start with larger pieces of dead wood at the base, then branches. Top with layers of organic materials, same as what you’d add to a compost pile, but right in the garden. This applies the permaculture principle of using the ‘available services’ of the insect and microorganism world that are already present, while skipping the step of hauling and turning compost.

Communal Composting
If you really can’t or don’t want to compost yourself, remember most cities also have yard waste drop off sites and many have started “Organics Recycling” options.

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Planting Perennial Guilds

Planting edible landscapes is a great way to add function, biodiversity, and healthier plant communities to our gardens.  Interplanting and companion planting might be more familiar terms to gardeners and are similar to plant guilds. Think the “Three Sisters” Indigenous way of planting but make it perennial. Choosing perennial instead of annual edibles also helps the garden develop deeper soil food web relationships.

Many cold-climate edible perennials make wonderful guild plant options. From herbs like chives, clary sage, horseradish, oregano, and thyme, to vegetables like asparagus, perennial kale, ramps, rhubarb, sorrel, walking onions and fruits like blueberries, currants, grapes, raspberries, rhubarb, and strawberries. Fruit and nut producing trees add another layer of food and height to the landscape. A food forest might seem unattainable – but we can imitate nature’s way of growing by starting with a tree or two. Perennial ground covers, herbs, shrubs, vines, dwarf and full-size trees can all be interplanted.

A typical fruit tree guild will have a ring of bulbs at the outer drip line, with mulch producing, insectary and nutrient accumulating plants under the canopy. The exact plant choices would take into consideration resource sharing for root depth, nutrients needed etc.

APPLE TREE GUILD

• Semi-Dwarf Apple Tree
• Comfrey
• Yarrow
• White Clover
• Feverfew
• Anise Hyssop
• Monarda
• Chives/Onions

While these mini ecosystems take longer to mature and require more upfront planning, in the long run they’ll reduce the need for care, fertilizer, and pest management.  They’ll end up supporting themselves, a permaculture goal. By adding plant diversity, you’re also growing more overall resilience.

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Water Collection

As gardeners living through climate chaos, we understand the value of rainwater as a resource. There are ways to make the most of this resource and collect water that go beyond planting rain gardens.

A smart place to store water is the soil, and we can do this by designing swales. Swales function best on sloping land. They’re made by digging shallow trenches and adding berms on the lower side to slow run-off and let water percolate down into the soil. This creates an underground ‘lense’ of water as a reserve that deeper plant roots can access. 

Capturing water from rooftops into rain barrels is an easy way for smaller and flatter properties to collect water. You run water from gutters down a spout and directly into a barrel for holding until needed. Place your barrel in an easy to access spot, and make sure to keep a filter secured to the intake area to catch debris before entering the barrel.

There’s been ample research into whether chemicals from petroleum-based shingles leech into the water collected. Findings continue to be within a safe range. Rain barrel water is usually slightly acidic which is excellent for nutrient uptake by plants.  In general, harvested rainwater is best applied at the soil level.

As an extra safety precaution, you can wait to harvest produce watered with rainwater a full day after watering to benefit from the sun’s ultraviolet light disinfection of any possible contaminants. More information is available under “soak up the rain” on the EPA’s website.

Permaculture In Practice

At its heart permaculture is a commonsense approach to welcoming sustainable gardening practices into our lives. It also puts us in the mindset to react to our ever-changing environment with adaptive, fun, and imaginative solutions. It reminds us that everything, even us gardeners, are part of nature. Let’s get out there and harness our existing resources!

Have I inspired you to Dig Into Permaculture?

I originally wrote this article for Northern Gardener magazine, it appeared in a shorter form in the Spring 2024 issue.

Michelle